Shahid Jamil
On this evaluation of Apple Inc. (NASDAQ:AAPL), we lined the corporate following its robust iPhone income efficiency in FY2022 of seven% regardless of its flattish cargo progress of -8.12% and the broader smartphone market weak point, which is forecasted to decline by 9.1% for the complete yr by the IDC. As we talked about earlier than in our earlier analyses, Apple’s income is extremely depending on its iPhone income which accounted for 52.1% of its complete income in FY2022.
Firstly, we analyze the corporate’s market share of shipments within the smartphone market and its efficiency among the many high 5 opponents. Moreover, we analyzed the corporate’s iPhone {hardware} specs and in contrast it to opponents primarily based on the typical benchmark scores from AnTuTu and DXO Mark in addition to when it comes to branding by NPS, Google Development scores and Interbrand rankings to find out whether or not it has a aggressive benefit. Lastly, we in contrast Apple’s gross sales breakdown with the smartphone market to research its progress outlook primarily based on its place in its geographic areas.
Flattish Smartphone Development however Nonetheless Outperforming the Market
IDC, Counterpoint Analysis, Khaveen Investments
Firm |
TTM Cargo Development % |
Market Share |
Apple |
-0.93% |
17.2% |
Samsung (OTCPK:SSNLF) |
-2.91% |
21.2% |
Xiaomi (OTCPK:XIACF) |
-12.90% |
13.4% |
Oppo |
-21.32% |
8.6% |
Vivo |
-21.80% |
8.6% |
Others |
3.74% |
31.0% |
Whole |
-8.12% |
100.0% |
Supply: IDC, Counterpoint Analysis, Khaveen Investments.
In keeping with information from the IDC, the smartphone market as a complete was sluggish within the TTM from This fall 2021 to Q3 2022 with a complete market shipments progress fee of -8.12%. Primarily based in the marketplace share chart and desk above:
- Apple’s smartphone shipments had been flat within the TTM (This fall 2021 to Q3 2022) however nonetheless outperformed the overall market shipments which declined by 8.12% within the interval. When it comes to market share, the corporate’s share had elevated barely from Q3 2020 however its share is extra risky in comparison with different opponents as it’s extremely seasonal with its peak share usually in This fall of every yr after the corporate releases its new iPhone fashions equivalent to September 16 for the iPhone 14.
- Samsung continued to keep up its place because the market chief of the smartphone market with a market share of 21.2% as of Q3 2022. From the chart above, its market share had remained secure within the TTM regardless of a destructive progress fee of -2.91% because it nonetheless outperformed the market decline. In keeping with Technique Analytics, Samsung’s gross sales had been supported by its lower-end fashions as “demand tilted in direction of low-cost A and M sequence.” Primarily based on Omdia, the Samsung A sequence was the top-selling smartphone mannequin in 2021 at 51.8 mln models.
- The highest Chinese language smartphone makers’ shares together with Xiaomi, Oppo and Vivo have been quite stagnant since Q2 2021. All 3 of the businesses carried out worse than the overall market with their progress charges under the market decline of -8.12%. That is regardless of that the Chinese language smartphone market declined by 11% within the interval, which is healthier than the efficiency of the highest Chinese language smartphone makers. In China, Xiaomi, Oppo and Vivo had misplaced market share as Honor elevated its share and its shipments grew strongly by 53.8% YTD 2022 following its spinoff from Huawei in 2020 whereas Apple additionally gained share.
- In keeping with Technique Analytics, Honor has a complete product portfolio and had changed Huawei within the Chinese language market. For instance, IDC acknowledged that its gross sales had been pushed by the launch of its new fashions such because the Honor 70, Changwan 30 and Play 6 sequence for the entry-level vary and Magic 4 for the high-end vary.
- Xiaomi carried out the perfect among the many 3 massive Chinese language smartphone makers and declined by 12.9% TTM which is healthier than the efficiency of Oppo and Vivo of 21.32% and 21.8% respectively however nonetheless larger than the market decline. Xiaomi outperformed Chinese language opponents with a “well-diversified regional footprint” based on Technique Analytics. Primarily based on information from IDC and Canalys, we calculated Xiaomi’s smartphone shipments contribution from China to be solely 27%, decrease than Vivo (53%) and Oppo (48%). Outdoors China, equivalent to in Europe, Xiaomi had strengthened its market share and overtook Apple to grow to be the second-largest smartphone maker within the area.
- The opposite smartphone makers outdoors the highest 5 carried out the perfect as they’d a constructive progress fee of three.74% which is in distinction with the market decline and has been gaining market share since 2021. We imagine this is because of growing competitors within the smartphone market, as different smartphone makers together with Motorola (MSI), Google (GOOG), TCL and OnePlus have doubled their market shares within the U.S. based on Counterpoint Analysis. In different markets, smaller brands equivalent to Tecno, Infinix and Itel had elevated their market share within the Center East and Africa. Whereas Honor had elevated its market share from 5% in Q1 2021 to 17% in Q3 2022 and acknowledged that it plans to expand abroad in 2023 in markets equivalent to “Europe, the Center East, Latin America and Southeast Asia.”
All in all, Apple was one of many high 5 smartphone makers which carried out higher than the overall smartphone market which declined within the interval. In keeping with BOF…
luxurious tends to fare higher than different sectors throughout a downturn due to its publicity to high-income shoppers.
Thus we imagine this might be one of many components for Apple’s better-than-market efficiency regardless of the market rout, and we count on it to proceed to carry out resiliently in future market downturns. In addition to that, Samsung additionally carried out barely higher than the market decline, as the corporate expanded its low-mid tier vary, one of many best-selling fashions in 2022. Nevertheless, the highest Chinese language smartphone makers carried out poorly, worse than China’s smartphone market decline of 11% as competitors from Honor elevated and acquire share following its complete product launches. Although, Xiaomi carried out the perfect among the many 3 smartphone makers because it had a extra various publicity to abroad markets equivalent to Europe the place it strengthened its share.
However, we imagine competitors from Honor may pose a risk to the Chinese language smartphone makers and Samsung as its plans to increase into abroad markets in 2023 along with competitors from different smartphone makers from smaller manufacturers equivalent to Motorola, Google, TCL, OnePlus, Tecno, Infinix and Itel which had been gaining share in markets such because the US, Center East and Africa. Nevertheless, we count on the rise in competitors to affect Apple to a lesser extent as the corporate’s efficiency and market share had been resilient as the highest premium smartphone maker.
iPhone Characteristic High quality and Branding Aggressive Benefit
In September 2022, Apple launched its next-gen iPhone 14 fashions. In keeping with the corporate in its newest earnings briefing, the corporate defined its new options and improvements.
iPhone 14 and iPhone 14 Plus include a brand new dual-camera system, industry-leading sturdiness, unbelievable energy and superb battery life. And our iPhone 14 Professional fashions are filled with much more groundbreaking improvements, together with a brand new digicam system in addition to always-on show and the Dynamic Island, which presents a complete new option to work together with iPhone. – Tim Cook dinner, Chief Government Officer
To find out whether or not Apple has a aggressive benefit primarily based on their iPhone innovation when it comes to spec efficiency and options, we compiled the typical benchmark scores from AnTuTu for the previous 3 smartphone generations of the highest smartphone makers.
We in contrast the smartphones with the highest 25 smartphones with the very best complete scores utilizing the AnTuTu benchmark and grouped them based on their manufacturers. From there, we averaged the scores of the smartphones of the respective firms and derived the next averages for the highest 25 smartphones. We imagine all of the smartphones are thought-about excessive tiers, judging from the most recent Snapdragon chips used on the time of launch (A15, A14 bionic chips; Snapdragon 8 Gen 1, 888 5G AP).
Corporations |
CPU |
GPU |
Reminiscence |
UX |
Whole Benchmark Rating |
Apple |
214,063 |
345,205 |
143,717 |
134,451 |
837,437 |
Samsung |
220,377 |
385,224 |
150,838 |
160,404 |
916,841 |
Xiaomi |
226,382 |
429,460 |
167,423 |
169,698 |
992,963 |
Oppo |
195,790 |
380,885 |
139,655 |
155,738 |
872,068 |
Vivo |
230,804 |
353,510 |
158,691 |
176,887 |
919,891 |
Supply: AnTuTu, Khaveen Investments.
Primarily based on the desk, Apple’s common rating for CPU is the second worst solely forward of Oppo whereas its GPU rating is the bottom. Additionally, its reminiscence rating is the second lowest forward of Oppo. When it comes to UX rating, Apple is the bottom.
General, Apple’s benchmark rating has the bottom common amongst smartphone makers, thus indicating its drawback over opponents when it comes to {hardware} spec efficiency. One of many components we imagine might be the stronger efficiency of Qualcomm’s (QCOM) Snapdragon chipsets (utilized in Samsung, Xiaomi, Vivo and Oppo smartphones). For instance, the Snapdragon Gen 1 has a a lot larger benchmark score (1,028,705) in comparison with Apple’s A15 chipset (795,947).
Moreover, we in contrast the characteristic scores by DxOMark primarily based on the typical ranking for the previous 3 generations of smartphones by the highest smartphone makers. We calculated the weighted total rating of every firm for the characteristic high quality comparability by assigning a weight breakdown for every of the metrics with Digital camera and Selfie having the very best weight of 20% every, adopted by Battery at a 30% weight and Audio and Show with a 15% weight every.
Corporations |
Digital camera (20%) |
Selfie (20%) |
Audio (15%) |
Show (15%) |
Battery (30%) |
General |
Apple |
138 |
137 |
141 |
139 |
119 |
132.43 |
Samsung |
123 |
135 |
130 |
134 |
96 |
119.93 |
Xiaomi |
124 |
N/A |
133 |
119 |
101 |
92.76 |
Oppo |
126 |
116 |
117 |
128 |
114 |
119.38 |
Vivo |
N/A |
N/A |
121 |
130 |
N/A |
37.58 |
Supply: DXO Mark, Khaveen Investments.
Primarily based on the desk, Apple has the very best common ranking for digicam (138) and selfie high quality (137). Furthermore, the corporate has the very best ranking for audio high quality (141) in addition to show high quality (139). Furthermore, the corporate has the very best common for the battery standards (119). General, we imagine this highlights Apple’s smartphone characteristic high quality benefit. In keeping with ZDNet, camera quality is the highest smartphone characteristic for shoppers throughout all age teams which highlights Apple’s power because it has the very best digicam high quality rating amongst opponents’ merchandise. In complete, Apple had the very best weighted rating of 132.43 and surpasses its opponents adopted by Samsung in second place.
Moreover, primarily based on the corporate’s newest earnings briefing the corporate highlighted its robust model loyalty amongst prospects in addition to excessive buyer satisfaction.
Because of our robust iPhone lineup, we set a quarterly report for upgraders and grew switchers double digits. This stage of gross sales efficiency, together with unmatched buyer loyalty, drove the energetic put in base of iPhones to a brand new all-time excessive throughout all geographic segments. And the most recent survey of US shoppers from 451 Analysis signifies iPhone buyer satisfaction of 98%.” – Luca Maestri, Chief Monetary Officer
We examined the corporate’s NPS rating from Comparably, the typical Google Traits rating for the cell phone class and its rating primarily based on Interbrand and in contrast it with opponents to find out whether or not it has a branding benefit over opponents.
Firm |
NPS Rating |
Google Traits |
Interbrand Rating |
Apple |
52 |
44 |
1 |
Samsung |
22 |
18 |
5 |
Xiaomi |
48 |
1 |
84 |
Oppo |
21 |
1 |
>100 |
Vivo |
37 |
1 |
>100 |
Supply: Comparably, Google Traits, Interbrand, Khaveen Investments.
Primarily based on the desk above, Apple has the very best NPS rating (52) adopted by Xiaomi (48) and Samsung (22). Furthermore, Apple has the very best common Google Traits rating at 44 adopted by Samsung whereas the highest Chinese language smartphone makers path behind with an analogous rating respectively. Moreover, primarily based on Interbrand, Apple is ranked because the primary model adopted by Samsung at quantity 5 and Xiaomi on the 84th place. Thus, we imagine this highlights its robust branding amongst opponents within the smartphone market. Primarily based on the smartphone market share for the premium phase in Q2 2022 by Counterpoint Analysis, Apple continued to keep up its dominance with over 57% share of the premium smartphone market. That is adopted by Samsung at second place and the highest Chinese language smartphone makers tied with a 4% share every.
In keeping with CIRP, Apple has excessive brand loyalty with 90% of iPhone customers remaining with Apple. One of many components might be the excessive buyer loyalty to the smartphone working system. Moreover, CIRP acknowledged that…
switching manufacturers inside Android OS is simpler in comparison with switching between Android and iOS.
Furthermore, based on TechNave, almost half (49%) of Android customers would change to iPhones as a consequence of safety and privateness as the principle issue. For instance,
20% of iCloud Keychain customers really feel extraordinarily safe in comparison with the 13% of Google Password Supervisor customers feeling the identical, whereas 27% of Apple customers really feel extraordinarily safe utilizing iCloud in comparison with 22% of Google Drive customers feeling the identical.
All in all, we imagine that whereas Apple doesn’t have a efficiency benefit for its {hardware} specs with below-average benchmark scores for its smartphones, it has a product characteristic high quality benefit when it comes to digicam, audio, show and battery scores that are larger than opponents. Furthermore, we imagine that one other benefit for Apple is its excessive buyer satisfaction with the very best NPS rating, reputation with the very best Google Traits rating and branding with the very best model rating by Interbrand amongst opponents.
The Americas Geographic Area Gives the Finest Development Alternatives
Smartphone Market Shipments (‘mln’) |
2018 |
2019 |
2020 |
2021 |
Common |
Forecast CAGR |
Better China |
423 |
407 |
368 |
383 |
||
Development % |
-3.8% |
-9.7% |
4.0% |
-3.1% |
2.20% |
|
Americas |
303 |
292 |
253 |
267 |
||
Development % |
-3.6% |
-13.5% |
5.8% |
-3.8% |
3.70% |
|
EMEA |
358.59 |
360.86 |
324.31 |
341.39 |
||
Development % |
0.6% |
-10.1% |
5.3% |
-1.4% |
6.95% |
|
Japan |
34 |
32 |
27 |
28.13 |
||
Development % |
-6.7% |
-14.2% |
3.6% |
-5.8% |
3.30% |
|
Remainder of Asia and Pacific |
437 |
449 |
407 |
414 |
||
Development % |
2.6% |
-9.4% |
1.9% |
-1.6% |
4.20% |
|
Whole |
1,556 |
1,541 |
1,379 |
1,434 |
||
Development % |
-1.0% |
-10.5% |
4.0% |
-2.5% |
5.10% |
Supply: Statista, Apple, Khaveen Investments.
Primarily based on the desk, the smartphone market had declined by 2.5% on common previously 3 years because it was weighed down by the decline in 2020. Solely two areas outperformed the market, EMEA and Remainder of Asia and Pacific. When it comes to market forecast CAGR by Statista, the EMEA phase has the very best CAGR of 6.95%, adopted by Remainder of Asia and the Pacific.
Moreover, Apple claimed from its earnings briefing that the corporate’s efficiency was spectacular in a number of markets in Asia and the Americas.
We set September quarter information within the overwhelming majority of markets we monitor, and our efficiency was significantly spectacular in a number of massive rising markets, with India setting a brand new all-time income report and Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia and Mexico greater than doubling year-over-year.” – Luca Maestri, Chief Monetary Officer.
We in contrast Apple’s market share in every of its reportable geographic segments in Q2 2022, gross sales breakdown in FY2022 primarily based on its annual report and smartphone market breakdown within the desk under to research the distinction between Apple’s gross sales breakdown and the market breakdown. Additionally, we in contrast the penetration fee of every area.
Comparability |
Apple’s Market Management (Q2 2022) |
Apple’s Income Breakdown (2022) |
Smartphone Market Breakdown |
Whole Inhabitants (‘mln’) |
Penetration Charge |
Americas |
36.5% |
43.02% |
16.9% |
677.2 |
66.3% |
EMEA |
10.8% |
24.12% |
33.8% |
1,877.5 |
47.7% |
Better China |
13.0% |
18.82% |
32.6% |
1,440.0 |
60.1% |
Japan |
65.0% |
6.59% |
3.6% |
126.1 |
75.2% |
Remainder of Asia Pacific |
13.7% |
7.45% |
13.1% |
533.4 |
65.4% |
Supply: Statista, Apple, Khaveen Investments.
Primarily based on the desk above:
- For the Americas area, Apple’s market management is the second highest among the many area breakdown solely behind Japan. That is due to Apple’s main place because the primary smartphone maker in its house market of the US at 48% and Canada at 57%. The area accounted for the very best income contribution to Apple and is greater than two instances larger in comparison with the smartphone market breakdown, highlighting the significance of the phase to Apple. Whereas the area’s inhabitants measurement is decrease than EMEA and Better China, it’s larger than Japan and the Remainder of Asia Pacific. Additionally, whereas the penetration fee of the area is larger than EMEA, Better China and Remainder of Asia Pacific, it’s decrease than Japan. Thus, this highlights the larger progress alternatives left for the smartphone market and we imagine this bodes properly for Apple because it has a stronghold within the area with a excessive market management.
- In Japan, Apple has the very best market management amongst its areas. In keeping with Nikkei, Apple is ranked by its survey because the primary brand in Japan. Thus, we imagine highlights the robust reputation of the model within the nation. Nevertheless, the area is the smallest contributor to Apple’s revenues and is the smallest area primarily based on the smartphone market breakdown. Furthermore, the area’s inhabitants is the bottom and the penetration fee is the very best, thus we imagine signifies restricted progress alternatives for the smartphone makers and Apple regardless of Apple’s robust market management place.
- For the EMEA area, Apple’s market management is the bottom amongst different areas. Whereas Apple has a excessive market share in Europe at 25.1%, its share is low within the Center East and Africa areas at 2.2%. Nevertheless, the area is the second largest in its income contribution however decrease as in comparison with the smartphone market breakdown the place it’s the largest area. The area has the very best inhabitants and the bottom penetration fee, thus indicating excessive progress alternatives left to be captured by smartphone makers. Nevertheless, given Apple’s low market management, we imagine this area to not be its vital progress contributor.
- In Better China, the corporate has a low market management as it’s ranked 5th behind China-based smartphone makers together with Vivo, Oppo, Honor and Xiaomi. The area is the third largest contributor to Apple’s income however is decrease in comparison with the smartphone market breakdown the place it’s the second largest area. The area has the second highest inhabitants and second lowest penetration fee, behind EMEA, thus indicating excessive progress alternatives left. Although, just like EMEA, we imagine it to not be the perfect area for Apple with its low market management.
- For the remainder of Asia Pacific, Apple additionally has low market management within the area and is just barely larger in comparison with China. When it comes to income contribution to Apple, it’s the second lowest area behind Japan and is decrease in comparison with the smartphone market breakdown. Its inhabitants can be the second lowest however its penetration fee is decrease than Japan and the Americas, thus we imagine its progress alternatives left are larger than Japan however barely decrease than the Americas. We imagine the area is to not be a key contributor to Apple with its low market management.
All in all, we imagine that when it comes to the geographic breakdown, the Americas area is the perfect area for Apple’s progress outlook as we imagine the area has the very best progress alternatives for Apple left primarily based on its excessive inhabitants and low penetration fee which bodes properly for Apple as a consequence of its robust market management within the area. Moreover, we imagine that whereas the EMEA, China and Remainder of Asia Pacific have excessive progress alternatives left primarily based on the inhabitants and penetration charges, Apple’s low market management within the area may restrict its capability to learn from the area’s progress. Whereas in Japan, whereas Apple has a excessive market management there, we imagine its progress outlook is low primarily based on the low inhabitants and excessive penetration fee.
Danger: Rising Aggressive Threats from Honor
As talked about within the first level, we imagine that growing competitors may pose a risk to the highest Chinese language smartphone makers and Apple to a lesser extent as the corporate’s efficiency and market share had been resilient as the highest premium smartphone maker. Nevertheless, we imagine Honor may pose a aggressive risk to Apple within the premium phase sooner or later because it announced that it was planning to increase internationally in…
20 abroad markets in Europe, the Center East, Latin America, and Southeast Asia,
together with a premium lineup for the UK.
We imagine Honor is a danger to Apple, as the corporate was spun off from Huawei in 2020 to guard the corporate towards U.S. sanctions. In 2019, Huawei was the third largest firm when it comes to market share (16%) however had a decline following the U.S. commerce sanctions to solely 3% in Q2 2022. Moreover, Huawei continues to be within the high 5 within the smartphone premium segment in LATAM, China and MEA. Moreover, the corporate’s workforce has elevated by 50% since 2020 and plans to extend even additional. Furthermore, Honor acknowledged that it has partnerships with international suppliers equivalent to Qualcomm, MediaTek (OTCPK:MDTKF) and Sony (SONY). Additionally, Honor smartphones source a majority of parts from the US (38.5%) adopted by Japan and China which is in distinction to Huawei which sourced its parts primarily from China (37.5%). General, we imagine Honor may pose a risk to Apple, because it plans to increase internationally and compete with Apple following its spin-off from Huawei.
Valuation
We up to date our income projections from our earlier evaluation and up to date it with the complete yr FY2022 within the desk under. Primarily based on our forecast we derived a 4-year ahead common progress fee of 9.9% for Apple, which is pretty in keeping with its 5-year historic common progress of 12.1%.
Apple Revenues ($ bln) |
2022 |
2023F |
2024F |
2025F |
2026F |
iPhone |
205.5 |
216.66 |
228.42 |
240.82 |
253.89 |
Development % |
7.0% |
5.4% |
5.4% |
5.4% |
5.4% |
Mac |
40.2 |
41.03 |
41.91 |
42.80 |
43.71 |
Development % |
14.2% |
2.1% |
2.1% |
2.1% |
2.1% |
iPad |
29.3 |
30.49 |
31.74 |
33.05 |
34.41 |
Development % |
-8.1% |
4.1% |
4.1% |
4.1% |
4.1% |
Wearables, house and equipment |
41.2 |
48.07 |
54.61 |
60.40 |
65.00 |
Development % |
7.4% |
16.6% |
13.6% |
10.6% |
7.6% |
Providers |
78.1 |
96.14 |
118.09 |
144.92 |
178.32 |
Development % |
14.2% |
23.1% |
22.8% |
22.7% |
23.0% |
Whole |
394.3 |
432.4 |
474.8 |
522.0 |
575.3 |
Whole Development % |
7.8% |
9.7% |
9.8% |
9.9% |
10.2% |
Supply: Apple, Khaveen Investments.
We continued to worth the corporate with a reduced money stream (“DCF”) evaluation and up to date our EV/EBITDA for its terminal worth at 15x.
EV/EBITDA |
Income ($ bln) |
Weight |
Weighted Common |
Product |
316.2 |
80.2% |
10.40x |
Service |
78.1 |
19.8% |
33.65x |
Whole |
394.3 |
100.0% |
15.00x |
Supply: Apple, Searching for Alpha, Khaveen Investments.
Primarily based on a reduction fee of 10% (the corporate’s WACC), our mannequin reveals its shares are undervalued by 43%.
Verdict
To conclude, we imagine competitors from Honor may pose a risk to the Chinese language smartphone makers and Samsung because it plans to increase into abroad markets in 2023, along with competitors from different smartphone makers from smaller manufacturers equivalent to Motorola, Google, TCL, OnePlus, Tecno, Infinix and Itel which had been gaining share in markets such because the US, Center East and Africa. Nevertheless, we count on the rise in competitors to affect Apple Inc. to a lesser extent, as the corporate’s efficiency and market share had been resilient as the highest premium smartphone maker.
Moreover, whereas we imagine that whereas Apple doesn’t have a efficiency benefit for its {hardware} specs with below-average benchmark scores for its smartphones, it has a characteristic high quality benefit when it comes to digicam, audio, show and battery scores that are larger than opponents. Furthermore, we imagine that one other benefit for Apple is its excessive buyer satisfaction with the very best NPS rating, reputation with the very best Google Traits rating and branding with the very best model rating by Interbrand amongst opponents.
We imagine that when it comes to the geographic breakdown, the Americas area is the perfect area for Apple’s progress outlook, as we imagine the area has the very best progress alternatives for the smartphone market left primarily based on its excessive inhabitants and low penetration fee which bodes properly for Apple as a consequence of its robust market management within the area. Moreover, we imagine that whereas the EMEA, China and Remainder of Asia Pacific have excessive progress alternatives left primarily based on the inhabitants and penetration charges, Apple’s low market management within the area may restrict its capability to learn from the area’s progress. Whereas in Japan, whereas Apple has a excessive market management there, we imagine its progress outlook is low primarily based on the low inhabitants and excessive penetration fee.
General, we revised our Apple Inc. worth goal larger to $193.47, primarily based on the next common ahead progress fee (9.8%). Thus we improve our worth goal on Apple to a Sturdy Purchase.
Editor’s Be aware: This text discusses a number of securities that don’t commerce on a serious U.S. trade. Please pay attention to the dangers related to these shares.